surreal friends

SURREAL FRIENDS
Pallant House Gallery
Chichester, UK
June 19 – September 12
http://www.pallant.org.uk/home

Pallant House Gallery has organised a beautiful exhibition dedicated to three women artists, Leonora Carrington, Remedios Varo and Kati Horna. Its title, Surreal Friends, refers to the fact that they developed their art in relation to Surrealism, to which they added a peculiar and enchanting perspective, and, most of all, to the fact that they were good friends. All of them, in fact, went through the trauma of war and exile. They were European (Carrington was English, Varo Spanish, Horna, Hungarian) who travelled to Mexico to escape from Nazism and Fascism.

The exhibition is a celebration of their sisterhood. As Joanna Moorhead has noted, their escape represented a kind of liberation from the bonds society had put on them. Carrington came from a good family who introduced her to king George V and expected her to have a suitable marriage; Varo was raised in a convent; and Horna had a poor and difficult childhood. In Mexico City, they were able to marry and, except for Varo, have children, according to their own way, precisely because “their new homes gave them the space and peace to deconstruct their previous, action-filled existences”. Of the three, Carrington is still alive and still living in that house where she used to meet her friends. Even though the exhibition is dedicated to them, it presents their work in separated rooms, thus maybe missing part of the point in bringing them together.

Carrington (1917) is possibly the most disturbing artist of the three. Her paintings are not always characterised by the same style and her imagination gives life to the most curious and unexpected shapes. There is often a sinister sense of awareness of what the subconscious can produce in her canvases. One of the most striking works is The Giantess, also called The Guardian of the Eggs (1950). It presents a fair haired woman with a small, almost childish face, and a strong-built body, that occupies almost all the painting. The colour of her hair is in contrast with that of her red dress and white cloak. Her tiny hands take care of a small egg, as if it were the most precious thing in the world. Then, the sinister touch: the giantess is surrounded by grey birds, two of which are coming out of her cloak. Are they her birds? Is she their guardian too? Maybe they are just her creatures. At her feet and behind her, other worlds are presented. A Lilliputian wood is populated by a group of people and numerous dogs. Both of them are running after a naked four winged female figure, who maybe inspired the fantastic six winged character from Carrington's novel The Hearing Trumpet:

…and we witnessed for a second an extraordinary creature. It shone with a bright light coming from its own body, the body of a human being entirely covered with glittering feathers and armless. Six great wings sprouted from its body and quivered ready for flight.

Behind the giantess, there is a sea of marvels, with boats, fish of many kinds and a whale. This powerful image is rooted in the Virgin’s iconography, but is much more assertive and self-aware. She does not look like a devoted mother, but rather as a sacred priestess. Her hair, for example, is not covered by any veil, but shines as the most luminous point in the painting. Other paintings displayed in the exhibition include, Green tea (or La Dame Ovale) dated 1942, characterised by a woman wrapped in a black and white fabric, surrounded by a garden with strangely shaped trees; and The House Opposite (La Maison En Face) (1945), a work where many female creatures run, prepare green-coloured potions and move between the different levels of the house they inhabit.

Remedios Varo (1908-1963), is quite a different story. Her sign is more precise and filled with minute details, and her style remains quite consistent. However, as her friend, she was able to create imaginary worlds too. And she did so mainly following two recurring aspects: the repetition of a face with autobiographical traits and the invention of mechanical devices surrounding or containing her figures. In her intimate paintings, a figure, whose eyes especially recall those of Varo’s, recurs. According to Janet Kaplan, Varo’s “work is filled with self-portrait characters, but they are abstracted, metaphoric, ironic. Placed in a variety of situations (…) they become symbolic equivalents of the artist herself”. In Encounter (1959), a woman sits at a round table in a room. She is wrapped in a light blue set of fabrics that constitute the fluid, dynamic and chromatic quality of the work. Part of these fabrics reach a box on the table, a box the woman is opening. From inside the box her same face appears, as if to underline that the most important encounter we can have, is with ourselves. With regards to the mechanical devices, Varo learnt to draw them from her father who was a hydraulic engineer and often asked her to copy his drawings to keep her quiet when she was a child. In Spiral Transit (1962), Varo creates a fortified wall that develops according to a spiral shape and is filled with water. In its spiralling canals, strange machines, a mixture of wheeled and womb shaped boats, sail. Neither of them has an engine, but moves thanks to the wind or the work of its sailor. Other paintings included are the stunning Dragonfly Woman (1956-1958), where Varo’s masklike self-portrait is used to create an eerie figure, a woman-dragonfly filled with tiny translucent wings.

Kati Horna (1912-2000), was not a painter, but a photographer, and she is the less known of the three. She was a war photograph during the Spanish Civil War and became a portrait photographer in Mexico. As Joanna Moorhead has noted, “she is a master at using inanimate (if often human-related) objects – the doll, the mask, the puppet – to convey emotion and struggle and reality”. One witty example is Couple, Series, Fleamarkets of Paris, taken in 1934. It presents two cardboard figures, a man and a woman, standing one in front of the other, among other objects of the market, like a pair of shoes and a table. David Bate has argued that “the surreal is (…) a signifying effect (…) where a meaning is partially hidden, where the message appears ‘enigmatic’ regardless of how (…) it has been produced”. Horna’s photograph refers to the idea of a couple, presenting a man and a woman, but makes it enigmatic by choosing two cardboard figures to represent them. Horna also used the technique of collage and photomontage as it can be seen in The Aragón Front (1938), where the face of an aged man and of a kid behind him, is placed against the bare wall of a house destroyed by war. It is of great dramatic effect. Other stunning photographs showed in the exhibition, feature The Umbrellas (1937), where Horna’s camera captures from above a street filled with people with umbrellas, ; and Remedios Varo in a Mask by Leonora Carrington (1957), where Varo’s profile is framed by Carrington’s mask, made of a face surrounded by black lace. Emblematic and mocking, it is a tribute to the three artists’ friendship and art.